Year: 2026 | Month: July-September | Volume: 11 | Issue: 3 | Pages: 363-370
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/gijhsr.20260339
Precision Nutrition for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: Role of Diet, Microbiome and Metabolic Phenotyping
Dr. Pragya Verma
Assistant Professor, Keshav Prasad Mishra Government PG College Aurai Bhadohi
Corresponding Author: Dr. Pragya Verma
ABSTRACT
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder whose development is influenced by dietary behavior, adiposity, physical inactivity, genetic susceptibility, insulin resistance and environmental factors. Although lifestyle modification is an established approach for delaying or preventing T2DM, individuals frequently show different metabolic responses to comparable foods and dietary patterns. This variability has contributed to growing interest in precision nutrition, which seeks to tailor dietary strategies according to an individual's metabolic characteristics, lifestyle, dietary behavior and, increasingly, biological information. The present review examines the potential contribution of diet, the gut microbiome and metabolic phenotyping to precision approaches for T2DM prevention. Particular attention is given to dietary fiber, carbohydrate quality, whole foods, ultra-processed foods, postprandial glycemic responses and dietary patterns associated with metabolic health. The gut microbiome is considered as an important intermediary between food intake and host metabolism, particularly through microbial fermentation and production of short-chain fatty acids and other bioactive metabolites. Metabolic phenotyping, including conventional biochemical measurements and emerging metabolomics approaches, may provide additional information about early metabolic dysfunction and differential responses to dietary interventions. Integration of these domains with physical activity, anthropometry and behavioral information could facilitate more individualized prevention strategies. Precision nutrition should therefore complement rather than replace established lifestyle-based prevention. Future research should emphasize population-specific models, particularly in diverse populations such as India, and should determine whether personalized dietary interventions produce sustained reductions in diabetes incidence.
Keywords: precision nutrition; type 2 diabetes mellitus; personalized nutrition; gut microbiome; dietary fiber; metabolic phenotyping; metabolomics; insulin resistance; etc.